Zhuo Wang
Jinsui Wang1- 1Department of Pathology, Gansu Province People’s Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- 2Department of Radiology, Gansu Province People’s Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- 3Department of the Centre of Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography, Gansu Province People’s Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- 4Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gansu Province People’s Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
We report a rare case of urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the renal pelvis with trophoblastic differentiation that occurred in a 55-year-old male patient. The patient presented with gross hematuria and paroxysmal lumbago pain 5 months ago. The enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a large space occupying lesion in the left kidney and multiple retroperitoneal lymph node enlargements. Histologically, high-grade infiltrating urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) contained giant cells which were positive for beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG). Three weeks after resection, positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT) scan showed multiple nodules of metastasis in the left renal region, extensive systemic muscle, bone, lymph node, liver and bilateral lung metastases. The patient underwent bladder perfusion chemotherapy and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin chemotherapy regimens. This is the eighth documented case of UC of the renal pelvis with trophoblastic differentiation. Due to its rarity and extremely poor prognosis, it is important to clarify the characteristics of the disease and make an accurate and prompt diagnosis.
Introduction
Specific subtypes of urothelial carcinoma (UC) have been studied and reported to be associated with pathological features, such as pathological staging and grading, lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and tumor recurrence. Squamous and glandular differentiation are the most common histological subtypes of UC. Urothelial carcinoma with trophoblastic differentiation (UCTD) is a rare and specific subtype of high-grade infiltrating urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) with syncytiotrophoblastic cells and positive immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for β-hCG. However, to our knowledge, most reported cases are from the urinary bladder, with only seven original reports concerning this specific subtype of renal pelvis UC reported in English literature (1–7). Herein, we report another case of a 55-year-old man with UCTD involving the renal pelvis. In order to reveal the characteristics of UCTD, we summarize the clinicopathological characteristics, surgical treatment, and prognosis in the review.
Case report
A 55-year-old male patient presented with gross hematuria and paroxysmal lumbago pain 5 months ago. Smoking history and family history of tumor was denied. The enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a 14.3 × 9.4 × 6.8 cm cystic solid mass of the left kidney with retroperitoneal lymph node enlargement (Figures 1A–C). Serum levels of β-hCG were not examined before operation. Then the patient underwent radical nephrectomy.
FIGURE 1. Enhanced Computed tomography revealed a large cystic solid tumor in the left kidney. (A) An arterial enhancement (red arrow); (B) A venous enhancement (red arrow); (C) Coronal plane (red arrow).
The nephrectomy specimen was largely replaced by a 6 × 5 cm grayish-white solid areas and 7 × 6 cm grayish-brown cyst containing hemorrhage and necrosis. The tissue samples were fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Additionally, fifteen tissue blocks were taken, and 4-μm-thick tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) for routine microscopy. IHC staining was performed using a Ventana Benchmark XT automated IHC stainer. Positive and negative controls were used during the IHC staining. The antibodies involved are all listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Immunohistochemistry: Antibody specifications.
Microscopically, a solid HGUC originating from the renal pelvis had numerous scattered bizarre cells or syncytiotrophoblastic cells (Figure 2A). These cells were frequently pleomorphic, with large hyperchromatic nuclei with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm distributed throughout the UC component (Figure 2B). Hemorrhage, necrosis, and vascular space invasion were prominent features. Tumor cells invaded the renal parenchyma, but not renal capsule. The components of UC were positive for CKpan, CD10 and CyclinD1, but negative for UroplakinIII, RCC, Pax-8, GATA3, Cytokeratin7, AR, CgA, Syn, S-100, CD45, and P63.
FIGURE 2. HE (A, B) and IHC staining (C–H) of UC of the renal pelvis with trophoblastic differentiation. (A, B) HE staining showing the areas of UCTD. (A) ×200 (B) ×400. (C, D) Positive staining for β-hCG in syncytiotrophoblastic cells. (C) ×200 (D) ×400. (E, F) Negative staining for PLAP (E) and hPL (F) in syncytiotrophoblastic cells. (E, F) ×100. (G, H) Negative staining for CDX2 (G) and CK20 (H). (G, H) ×200.
The areas of the syncytiotrophoblasts were strongly positive for β-hCG and negative for Placental alkalen phosphatase (PLAP), human placental lactogen (hPL), Sal-like protein 4 (SALL-4), and α-inhibin. In addition, we also performed PD-L1 staining, which showed negative expression of both components. The immunoreaction of β-hCG was localized in the cytoplasm of syncytiotrophoblasts with a diffuse, granular around the periphery of UC nests (Figures 2C, D), while urothelial neoplastic cells were negative. However, syncytiotrophoblasts showed negative for PLAP (Figure 2E) and hPL (Figure 2F). In addition, we also performed CDX2 and CK20 to identify UC with glandular differentiation due to the small amount of pseudo glandular architecture; however, the results of IHC staining were both negative (Figures 2G, H).
Three weeks after surgery, postoperative examination of serum β-hCG and tumor markers was carried out. Elevated levels of serum β-hCG of 6.25 U/mL (normal 0–5 U/mL), glycoprotein 125 (CA125) of 76.6 U/mL (normal 0–35 U/mL) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) of 40.39 ng/mL (normal 0–17.0 ng/mL) were found. Serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) was negative. PET-CT scan showed the patient presented multiple nodules of metastasis in the left renal region (SUVmax7.24), extensive systemic muscle (SUVmax14.28), bone (SUVmax7.25), lymph node (SUVmax13.50), liver (SUVmax1.72) and bilateral lung (SUVmax1.28) (Figures 3A, B).A puncture biopsy of a space occupying lesion in lower limb muscle has confirmed metastatic UC (Figures 4A–F). In view of the poor general condition of the patient, bladder perfusion chemotherapy and gemcitabine combined with cisplatin were administered post-surgery.
FIGURE 3. PET-CT scan showed the patient developed multiple nodules of metastasis in the left renal region, extensive systemic muscle, bone, lymph node, liver and bilateral lung metastases. (A) Multiple nodules of metastasis in the left renal region, extensive systemic muscle, bone, lymph node, liver and bilateral lung metastases. (B) Multiple metastases are seen in bilateral lower limb muscles. SUVmax, maximum of standardized uptake value.
FIGURE 4. HE (A) and IHC staining (B–F) of puncture biopsy tissue of muscle metastatic tumor of left lower limb. (A) Metastatic UC cells diffusely infiltrate the muscle tissue of left lower limb. (B) The nuclei of metastatic tumor cells are scattered positive expression of Ckpan. (C) Tumor cells are diffuse strongly positive expression of Vimentin. (D) The membrane of metastatic tumor cells are strongly positive expression of CD10. [(A–D) ×200]. (E–F) The nuclei of metastatic tumor cells are focal positive expression of GATA3. (E) ×200 (F) ×400.
Discussion
UCTD, accompanied by production of β-hCG, is a very rare subtype of UC (8). Only seven cases have been reported in English literature to date (Table 2). Similar cases documented in the bladder showed the diagnostic morphologic characteristics of choriocarcinoma, the tumor cells resemble syncytiotrophoblasts and strongly express β-hCG. Extensive necrosis and hemorrhage were also predominant features.
TABLE 2. Summary of studies reporting UC of the renal pelvis with trophoblastic differentiation since 1989.
In recent years, GATA3 has been recognized as a useful urothelial marker specifically in diagnostic surgical pathology practice (9). Due to the negative expression in this case, we consulted the literature to explain this phenomenon. Firstly, the expression of GATA3 was downregulated in UC, compared with non-neoplastic urothelial tissues(10). In addition, Miyamoto et al. discovered that loss of GATA3 was associated with high-grade and/or muscle-invasive tumors (11). In other words, it was decreased in HGUC and/or muscle-invasive neoplasms. Thirdly, the expression of GATA3 was related to different tumor sites. Inoue et al. found for the first time that the positivity rate of GATA3 was significantly lower in renal pelvic tumor tissues than in ureteral tumor tissues (9). Accordingly, the negativity of GATA3, a promising urothelial marker, does not readily exclude the possibility of UC. Moreover, the expression of GATA3 needs to be further studied by accumulating cases of UCTD.
UCTD represents a rare histological subtype of carcinomas associated with a poor prognosis (12). A recent comparative study of UC and UCTD found a higher risk of recurrence, progression, and death of patients with UCTD of the bladder (12). In our study, there were multiple nodules of metastasis in the left renal region, extensive systemic muscle, bone, lymph node, liver and bilateral lung metastases 3 weeks after surgery. It is suggested that the tumor progresses rapidly and the prognosis may be poor. And this is basically consistent with literature reports.
Reviewing the literature, we found UCTD patients range in age from 47 to 84 years (mean, 61 years), and nearly 75% of patients are older than 50 years in all these cases. Seven out of eight cases occurred in men, including this one (Table 2). Except for the typical morphological features, the IHC of trophoblastic differentiation areas are all strong expression of β-hCG, among which three out of eight expressed α-inhibin, two out of seven expressed hPL, one out of seven expressed SALL4 (Table 3). In our case, the area of syncytiotrophoblasts were strongly expressed β-hCG, but negative for hPL, α-inhibin, PLAP and SALL4 (Table 3). The two components of UC and UCTD represent the heterogeneity of the tumor. In addition, among these cases, the postoperative serum β-hCG was extremely elevated in four cases, and in other cases was not detected. Since the preoperative serum β-hCG was not a routine examination item, it was not measured preoperatively. In our patient, the serum β-hCG was higher than the normal range 3 weeks after surgery (Table 3). Moreover, some studies had confirmed that trophoblastic differentiation is derived from UC. The appearance of morphological change may be due to the gradual emergence of poorly differentiated tumor cells containing placental proteins (3). Earlier hypotheses had been proposed for the histogenesis of UCTD. Some authors had supported that the change occurs through primitive rests of totipotential cells during early embryologic development (1, 13).Other authors had argued that it is a result of dedifferentiation or retrodifferentiation of UC, whereas some had favored that it is a metaplastic phenomenon (3).To date, the well accepted hypothesis of origin is the latter one (14, 15).
TABLE 3. Markers of UC of the renal pelvis with trophoblastic differentiation: Review of Literature Since 1989.
Accordingly, studies have shown that the expression of β-hCG in UC was associated with a poor prognosis (16). Three out of eight patients were classified as pT4 and two as pT3, including this one. Three out of eight patients developed distant metastases, including this one. As in our case, most reported cases were aggressive tumors, with most patients dying shortly after initial diagnosis of widespread metastatic disease. In addition, autopsy studies about UCTD of urinary bladder showed that only tumor cells of trophoblastic differentiation were found in the multiple metastatic sites after gemcitabine and oxaliplatin treatment, and no UCs (17). Chemotherapy regimen basically consistent with literature reports is adopted. During the postoperative follow-up, the patient passed away just 33 days after surgery.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we described UC of the renal pelvis with trophoblastic differentiation, which is an extremely rare but aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. The morphologic and IHC findings of this report and the literature review suggest that the trophoblastic differentiation evolves from UC. This type of carcinoma is characterized by syncytiotrophoblastic cells and abnormal strongly expressed with β-hCG. Due to the limited number of cases reported in the English-language literature to date, it is of great significance for further study of the treatment and prognosis of the patients to give a definite diagnosis according to their morphological and IHC staining characteristics.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of Gansu People’s Hospital. The patient/participant provided the written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
ZW wrote the manuscript. JW, WZ, and DW collected the images. XW collected relative articles. XL edited the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Foundation project of Gansu Province People’s Hospital (20GSSY4-41) and the Science and Technology Foundation of the Gansu Province (21JR11RA193).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1. Elias, C, Ferran, A, and Antonio, P. Placental proteins in high-grade urothelial neoplasms an lmmunohistochemical study of human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, and pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein. Cancer (1989) 63(6):2497–504.
2. Winfried, V, Urs, R, Berthold, W, and Ihling, C. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin -positive extragonadal germ cell neoplasia of the renal pelvis. Cancer (1991) 67(6):3146–9. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19910615)67:12<3146:aid-cncr2820671235>3.0.co;2-g
3. Dino, G, David, G, Parker, E, Shepherd, RR, Hearn, SA, and Walton, JC. Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis with choriocarcinomatous differentiation. Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic assessment of human chorionic gonadotropin production by transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer (1993) 71(8):1835–41. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19930301)71:5<1835:aid-cncr2820710519>3.0.co;2-5
4. Zettl, A, Konrad, MA, Polzin, S, Ehsan, A, Riedmiller, H, Muller-Hermelink, HK, et al. Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis with choriocarcinomatous features: Genetic evidence of clonal evolution. Hum Pathol (2002) 33(12):1234–7. doi:10.1053/hupa.2002.129208
5. Preda, O, Dema, A, Iacob, M, Goyenaga, P, Dulcey, I, Aneiros Fernandez, J, et al. Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis with simultaneous trophoblastic and malignant clear cell endodermal-type differentiation. Virchows Arch (2012) 460(3):353–6. doi:10.1007/s00428-012-1211-5
6. Msaouel, P, Zhang, M, and Tu, SM. Prolonged remission of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma with prominent choriocarcinomatous differentiation: A case report. Clin Genitourin Cancer (2017) 15(1):e73–7. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2016.08.025
7. Rolim, I, Henriques, V, Rolim, N, Blanca, A, Marques, RC, Volavsek, M, et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of upper urinary tract carcinoma with variant histology. Virchows Arch (2020) 477(1):111–20. doi:10.1007/s00428-020-02745-4
8. Rajabi, B, Khoury, J, Brewer, C, and Goodman, OB. Urothelial bladder carcinoma with choriocarcinomatous differentiation presenting with a false-positive pregnancy test. Am J Med Sci (2013) 346(3):256–8. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318270d0f9
9. Inoue, S, Mizushima, T, Fujita, K, Meliti, A, Ide, H, Yamaguchi, S, et al. GATA3 immunohistochemistry in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract as a urothelial marker and a prognosticator. Hum Pathol (2017) 64(17):83–90. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2017.04.003
10. Yi, L, Hitoshi, I, Takashi, K, Miyamoto, Y, Izumi, K, and Miyamoto, H. GATA3 in the urinary bladder: Suppression of neoplastic transformation and down-regulation by androgens. Am J Cancer Res (2014) 4(5):461–73.
11. Miyamoto, H, Izumi, K, Yao, JL, Li, Y, Yang, Q, McMahon, LA, et al. GATA binding protein 3 is down-regulated in bladder cancer yet strong expression is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in invasive tumor. Hum Pathol (2012) 43(11):2033–40. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2012.02.011
12. Cheng, H-L, Chou, L-P, Tsai, H-W, Lee, CT, Wang, YW, Chung-Liang, H, et al. Urothelial carcinoma with trophoblastic differentiation: Reappraisal of the clinical implication and immunohistochemically features. Urol Oncol (2021) 39(10):732.e17–732.732.e23. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.03.006
13. John, A, Norman, R, and Leopold, G. Primary choriocarcinoma of the urinary bladder Report of a case with probable epithelial Origin. cancer (1983) 52(6):1405–9. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19831015)52:8<1405:aid-cncr2820520812>3.0.co;2-t
14. Amin, MB. Histological variants of urothelial carcinoma: Diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications. Mod Pathol (2009) 22(2):S96–118. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2009.26
15. Regalado, JJ. Mixed micropapillary and trophoblastic carcinoma of bladder: Report of a first case with new immunohistochemical evidence of urothelial origin. Hum Pathol (2004) 35(3):382–4. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2003.09.012
16. Jenkins, BJ, Martin, JE, Baithun, SI, Zuk, RJ, Oliver, RTD, and Blandy, JP. Prediction of response to radiotherapy in invasive bladder cancer. Br Journalof Urol (1990) 1990(65):345–8. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.1990.tb14753.x
Keywords: urothelial carcinoma, renal pelvis, trophoblastic differentiation, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, syncytiotrophoblastic cells
Citation: Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang W, Wang D, Wang X and Liang X (2023) Case report: Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis with trophoblastic differentiation: A rare case report and review of literature. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 29:1610856. doi: 10.3389/pore.2023.1610856
Received: 30 September 2022; Accepted: 19 January 2023;
Published: 10 February 2023.
Edited by:
Tibor Szarvas, Semmelweis University, HungaryCopyright © 2023 Wang, Wang, Zhang, Wang, Wang and Liang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xiaoqin Liang, bGlhbmd4cTkwNUAxNjMuY29t